Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Psychologists come up with research questions based on
__________.
a. | everyday experiences and common sense | c. | folklore | b. | other research
studies | d. | all of these |
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2.
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One method that helps researchers gather information from
many people is
__________.
a. | a case study | c. | a
replication | b. | a
survey | d. | a correlation |
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3.
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To ensure that a sample represents a target population,
researchers select
__________.
a. | people at random from the target
population | b. | a large number of people
from one subgroup | c. | a slightly larger
percentage of people from certain subgroups | d. | all of
these |
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4.
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Men have traditionally taken part in psychological studies
more often than women
because __________.
a. | older studies drew participants from the military and
universities | b. | they were offered higher
fees for participating | c. | women distrusted the early
schools of psychology | d. | all of
these |
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5.
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The testing research method investigates human behavior
through
__________.
a. | personality tests | c. | intelligence
tests | b. | aptitude tests | d. | all of
these |
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6.
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The case-study method of observation was practiced by
__________.
a. | B.F. Skinner | c. | Sigmund
Freud | b. | Wilhelm Wundt | d. | John B.
Watson |
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7.
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Scientists are cautious about making generalizations from
case studies because
__________.
a. | such observations occur in a controlled laboratory
setting | b. | case studies cannot always be
replicated | c. | case studies do not include
information from other sources | d. | all of
these |
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8.
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The longitudinal method is concerned with observing
__________.
a. | the ways in which people change over
time | b. | how people behave under controlled
conditions | c. | people's views on a
particular subject | d. | people's character
traits and temperament |
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9.
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The greatest drawback of the longitudinal method is that
participants in the
study __________.
a. | do not know whether they are receiving the
treatment | b. | may drop out | c. | may not act the same way outside the laboratory | d. | often display volunteer bias |
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10.
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The cross-sectional method charts changes over time by
__________.
a. | observing one group of participants over a certain period of
time | b. | surveying people who are the same age about their personal
histories | c. | manipulating the independent variable | d. | comparing participants from different age groups |
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11.
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Observing the way people eat in restaurants is an example of
__________.
a. | laboratory observation | c. | naturalistic
observation | b. | a
survey | d. | the longitudinal method |
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12.
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B.F. Skinner used specialized cages that recorded
information about animals.
"Skinner boxes" as they have been called are examples of
__________.
a. | naturalistic observation | c. | stratified
samples | b. | laboratory observation | d. | random
samples |
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13.
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After making their observations of variables, scientists
study their data using __________.
a. | correlation | c. | the
longitudinal method | b. | the cross-sectional
method | d. | laboratory observation |
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14.
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In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to
__________.
a. | help minimize the effects of volunteer
bias | b. | ensure that the target population is
represented | c. | complete a stratified
sample | d. | show the effect of the treatment and no other
factors |
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15.
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A placebo is often as effective as taking a medication
because __________.
a. | it is given under laboratory
conditions | b. | neither the researcher nor
the participant knows about it | c. | a person's
expectations affect the results of a treatment | d. | it has a negative
correlation with health |
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16.
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A double-blind study is sometimes needed because researchers
__________.
a. | may have expectations that affect their
observations | b. | cannot control every
variable outside a laboratory | c. | may not have time for a
longitudinal study | d. | are bound by a code of
ethics |
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17.
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Psychologists keep the records of their research
participants confidential to
__________.
a. | encourage participants to tell the truth | c. | make single-blind studies more effective | b. | make double-blind studies more effective | d. | avoid the placebo
effect |
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18.
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The 1927 study at the Hawthorne plant was flawed because
__________.
a. | there was no control group | b. | the experimental group was too small | c. | the sample did not remain constant over the course of the
experiment | d. | of all of these
factors |
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19.
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According to the American Psychological Association,
psychologists can deceive
participants in an experiment __________.
a. | in all cases | b. | only in tests for experimental drugs | c. | if the benefits outweigh the risks | d. | to get enough participants in a dangerous study |
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20.
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Scientists sometimes replicate a study using different
participants in order
to __________.
a. | test whether or not there was volunteer
bias | b. | study changes over time | c. | make sure the findings are true for different groups of
people | d. | prove a positive correlation between two
factors |
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21.
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What is the second step in conducting
research?
a. | analyze results | c. | form
hypothesis | b. | draw
conclusion | d. | form question |
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22.
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How are surveys conducted?
a. | by filling out questionnaires | c. | by calling subjects on the phone | b. | by interviewing
people | d. | All of these are used. |
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23.
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Which of the following is used to ensure the population is
represented
proportionally?
a. | a target sample | c. | a
surveys | b. | a stratified sample | d. | a random
samples |
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24.
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What is volunteer bias?
a. | People who volunteer are typically
angry. | b. | People who volunteer might be different from the average member
of the population. | c. | People who volunteer might
act differently from day to day. | d. | People seldom
volunteer. |
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25.
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Why are researchers careful about generalizing
results?
a. | because of gender differences | c. | attitudes are different | b. | not everyone has the same
preferences | d. | All of these are reasons. |
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26.
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Surveys taken by magazines __________ represent the general
public?
a. | consistently | c. | actually
do | b. | absolutely never | d. | probably do
not |
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27.
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Why aren't case studies always reliable?
a. | they are based on interviews | c. | memories of events can inaccurate | b. | peoples memories are filled
with gaps | d. | All of these are reasons. |
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28.
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A technique that involves systematically following a series
of steps to learn
about how something works or how to improve a situation is called the
__________.
a. | functional process | c. | structural
system | b. | skeptical injury | d. | scientific
method |
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29.
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A research method that can be used to gain a large amount of
relatively simple
information from a large group of people is __________.
a. | naturalistic observation | c. | an
experiment | b. | a
survey | d. | case study |
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30.
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Replication is the process of __________.
a. | generating several hypothesis from one
theory | b. | repeating an experiment to verify the
results | c. | testing a result with statistical
analyses | d. | inserting extraneous variables into an
experiment |
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31.
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When a research uses deception as part of a research
project, it is especially
important that there should be ___________.
a. | no animals or children used in the
research | b. | both informed consent and debriefing | c. | a second piece of research that does not use deception | d. | a careful record of all responses |
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32.
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The major advantage of naturalistic observation as a
research method is that is provides __________ than other types of research.
a. | more scientific data | c. | a larger number
of measurements | b. | better information about
animals | d. | more realistic observations |
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33.
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Which of the following is an important reason for using
animals as research
subjects in psychology?
a. | There are no ethical rules that limit what research can be
performed
with animals. | b. | All important human
psychological abilities can be found in animals. | c. | Animals are very similar to humans in some ways. | d. | None... there are no important ethnically justified reasons for using
animals in
research. |
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34.
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Placebos __________.
a. | can create expectations that will alter the body's
chemistry | b. | can in a way alter the body's
chemistry | c. | contain medicinal ingredients that will directly alter the
body's
chemistry | d. | can be harmful to the
body's chemical system |
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35.
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A hypothesis is a statement of the results a researcher
___________.
a. | wants to get | c. | controls to
get | b. | expects to get | d. | has already
gotten |
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36.
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Which of the following is an advantage of using naturalistic
observation over
other methods of research?
a. | Subjects will respond more honestly to the researcher's
question. | b. | Subjects will behave as they normally
do. | c. | Subjects, through their natural behavior, will make it easier for
researchers to interpret their behavior. | d. | Variables can more easily
be controlled. |
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37.
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When conducting an interview, a researcher needs to be aware
of ___________.
a. | the subject's background | b. | the subject's attempt to put up a favorable front | c. | the subject's ability to take control of the interview | d. | all of the control issues of the experiment |
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38.
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The results that researchers expect to get is called the
___________.
a. | variable | c. | hypothesis | b. | experimental
group | d. | control group |
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39.
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Which of the following is a danger of using the survey
method?
a. | the results can be presented with
distortions | b. | the questions may be
phrased in a way that would produce biased answers | c. | the participants may not be representative of the population as a
whole | d. | All of these are considered
dangers. |
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40.
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Which of the following is the most objective method for
studying behavior?
a. | psychological tests | b. | the interview | c. | the case-study
method | d. | naturalistic observation |
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41.
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A study of the traces of an individual's development
from birth to ten years
makes use of __________.
a. | psychological tests | c. | the
longitudinal method | b. | the interview
method | d. | the cross-sectional method |
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42.
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In order to be ethical, according to the APA, an
experimenter needs to
__________.
a. | be open and honest with subjects | b. | inform subjects before, the purpose of the experiment | c. | reward subjects with sincere praise | d. | have subjects sign away their rights to understand the issues of the
experiment |
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43.
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Evidence seems to indicate that when animals are used in
experiments, the
treatment to the animals is _________.
a. | inhumane | c. | necessary | b. | humane | d. | unnecessary |
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44.
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If a researcher wanted to find out the effects of taking a
drug for twenty
years, the researcher would most likely use __________.
a. | the longitudinal method | b. | the cross-sectional method | c. | the
interview | d. | the psychological test |
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45.
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The Crocodile Hunter was a ___________.
a. | laboratory observer | c. | naturalistic
observer | b. | cross-sectional observer | d. | longitudinal
observer |
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46.
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If you fill out a questionnaire on exercise in a magazine,
you are
participating in a ___________.
a. | correlation | c. | volunteer
bias | b. | survey | d. | case
study |
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47.
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Psychological tests measure __________.
a. | abilities | c. | personality | b. | interests | d. | all of these |
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48.
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In which study is the participant unaware whether they are
receiving the
treatment or not but the researcher does is called ___________.
a. | double-blind | b. | cross-sectional | c. | single-blind | d. | none of
these |
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49.
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Why would taking opinions from your friends not represent
the community
opinion on a topic?
a. | Your friend is not old enough. | b. | Your friend probably won't understand the topic. | c. | Your friend does not represent the whole community. | d. | Your friend was not chosen at random. |
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50.
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When researchers conduct a study they need to
___________.
a. | be objective | c. | use
deception | b. | have diversity | d. | record
data |
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