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Chapter 10: Memory and Thought



Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

Which of the following describes your ability to identify the sound of a musical instrument you have heard before?
a.
recognition
c.
recall
b.
echoic memory
d.
semantic memory
 

 2. 

In order to remember information for a long period of time, facts must be
__________.
a.
moved from short-term memory to sensory memory
c.
stored as icons
b.
stored as echoes
d.
transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory
 

 3. 

According to Sigmund Freud, repression is a reaction to __________.
a.
a head injury
c.
painful and unpleasant memories
b.
illness
d.
all of the above
 

 4. 

Holding incoming information long enough for it to be processed is a function
of __________.
a.
the sensory registers
c.
long-term memory
b.
immediate memory
d.
short-term memory
 

 5. 

Which of the following is most important when trying to memorize information?
a.
The length of exposure to the information
c.
Shifting from medium to high stimulus intensity
b.
Using a systematic scanning pattern
d.
Thinking about new information in relation to existing knowledge
 

 6. 

The easiest of the three basic memory tasks is __________.
a.
recall
c.
relearning
b.
recognition
d.
chunking
 

 7. 

Photographic memory is also called
a.
confabulation.
c.
eidetic memory.
b.
mnemonic memory.
d.
recall.
 

 8. 

During a game of Trivial Pursuit, Robyn is asked for the capital of Australia.
After thinking for a few moments she says, correctly, "Canberra." This is an
example of a(n) __________ memory.
a.
implicit
c.
episodic
b.
procedural
d.
explicit
 

 9. 

Before they take a test, Laverne and Shirley are told by their instructor,
"You are not allowed to use your books or notes, and looking at another
person's exam is prohibited." When Shirley asks what the instructor said,
Laverne answers, "He told us not to cheat." Laverne's memory of what the
instructor said has been encoded __________.
a.
visually
c.
procedurally
b.
semantically
d.
acoustically
 

 10. 

A person trying to learn the vocabulary of a foreign language can remember the
foreign words by __________.
a.
using paired associates
c.
maintenance rehearsal
b.
constructing links to something already familiar
d.
all of the above
 

 11. 

Angela's suspicious boyfriend asks her, "Where were you last Thursday night?"
To answer, Angela must use __________ memory.
a.
procedural
c.
episodic
b.
historical
d.
semantic
 

 12. 

Interference refers to
a.
fading of memories over time.
c.
inability to store short-term memories.
b.
intentionally blocking an unpleasant memory.
d.
blocking of a memory by previous or subsequent memories.
 

 13. 

One drawback of maintenance rehearsal is that __________.
a.
only the first item on the memorized list is recalled
c.
it does not involve repetition
b.
it does not connect memorized information to past learning
d.
only the last item on the memorized list is remembered
 

 14. 

By having your review session for an exam in the same room in which the exam
will be given, you are most likely to benefit from __________ memory.
a.
semantic
c.
state-dependent
b.
context-dependent
d.
flashbulb
 

 15. 

On the Fourth of July, a boy lit a sparkler and swung it quickly in a circle.
In the dark, the sparkler's light seemed to make a complete circle. This
illusion is due to the effects of __________ memory.
a.
sensory
c.
echoic
b.
semantic
d.
short-term
 

 16. 

The average person can hold in short-term memory a list of __________.
a.
seven items
c.
nine items
b.
eight items
d.
five items
 

 17. 

Infantile amnesia is probably the result of __________.
a.
the present-oriented nature of infants
c.
undeveloped language abilities
b.
the immaturity of the hippocampus
d.
all of the above
 

 18. 

Chunking is associated with
a.
sensory storage.
c.
short-term memory.
b.
recognition.
d.
long-term memory.
 

 19. 

The skills needed for riding a bicycle are stored as __________.
a.
episodic memories
c.
echoic memories
b.
procedural memories
d.
generic memories
 

 20. 

The best way to keep information active in short-term memory is through
______________ rehearsal, while ______________ rehearsal is more effective for
encoding information into long-term memory.
a.
visual; semantic
c.
elaborative; maintenance
b.
maintenance; elaborative
d.
semantic; visual
 

 21. 

Which of the following describes your ability to identify the name of your first grade teacher in a newspaper article?
a.
confabulation
c.
selective attention
b.
recognition
d.
recall
 

 22. 

According to the information-processing model of memory, if a person
completely loses the ability for __________ memory, the person will not be
able to form any memories of any kind.
a.
long-term
c.
sensory
b.
short-term
d.
semantic
 

 23. 

William is talking with his children. "You should have been there the first
time that I saw your mother," he remembers. "I can still see her standing by
the door asking me for directions to the freeway." William is drawing from
his __________ memory.
a.
sensory
c.
avoidance
b.
semantic
d.
episodic
 

 24. 

Roger was bicycling to class when his brakes failed and he crashed into a
building. When he came to, he could not remember the events prior to his
accident. In other words, Roger was experiencing __________.
a.
anterograde amnesia
c.
retrograde amnesia
b.
retroactive interference
d.
proactive interference
 

 25. 

Homer Simpson is trying to remember the different functions of the control
panel at the nuclear power plant where he works. He remembers the functions
of the different buttons by thinking about the types of donuts that the
buttons most resemble. For example, he is supposed to press a red button to
shut off the reactors when they are about to have a meltdown. He remembers
this because the red button reminds him of cherry donuts, which he only eats
during hot weather. The type of processing that Homer is using is __________
rehearsal.
a.
levels-of-processing
c.
transfer-appropriate
b.
elaborative
d.
maintenance
 

 26. 

Remembering how to jump rope, a skill you have not practiced in many years, is an example of which kind of memory?
a.
episodic
c.
procedural
b.
declarative
d.
semantic
 

 27. 

Computers and people both handle information using the processes of
__________.
a.
procedural, generic, and episodic memories
c.
encoding, storage, and retrieval
b.
maintenance and elaborative rehearsals
d.
sensory, short-term, and long-term memories
 

 28. 

Gerianna is playing in her senior piano recital. Later, when her friends ask
her how she can remember such long and complex pieces, Gerianna explains that
these tasks involve __________ memory, and words cannot aptly describe it.
a.
semantic
c.
procedural
b.
acoustic
d.
episodic
 

 29. 

Frank needed to call the local department store to see if his catalog order
was in. He found the telephone number in the phone book, mentally rehearsed
the number, and called the department store. Most likely, this number was
stored in __________ memory.
a.
long-term
c.
semantic
b.
episodic
d.
short-term
 

 30. 

Facts learned in classes at school become part of the __________.
a.
generic memory
c.
procedural memory
b.
iconic memory
d.
episodic memory
 

 31. 

An eyewitness' memory of a crime can be distorted by __________.
a.
returning to the scene of the crime
c.
describing the scene of the crime in his or her own words
b.
hypnosis
d.
all of the above
 

 32. 

The three memory processes are
a.
storage, encoding, and recognition.
c.
chunking, retrieval, and storage.
b.
rehearsal, storage, and reconstruction.
d.
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
 

 33. 

Information in short-term memory lasts for __________.
a.
several hours
c.
several days
b.
several minutes
d.
several seconds
 

 34. 

The process of putting incoming information into a form with which the memory
system can work is called __________.
a.
encoding
c.
retrieval
b.
storage
d.
processing
 

 35. 

Procedural memory is __________.
a.
memory of a specific event
c.
generalized knowledge of the world
b.
easily stated or put into words
d.
memory of how to do things
 

 36. 

Short-term memory
a.
lasts about one minute.
c.
lasts about one-half second.
b.
has a limited capacity.
d.
lasts without rehearsal.
 

 37. 

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus's experiments, a person's ability to recall a list
of words decreases dramatically __________.
a.
seven minutes after learning the list
c.
during the first hour after learning the list
b.
one day after learning the list
d.
two hours after learning the list
 

 38. 

Relating new information to something already known helps a person remember the new
facts by __________.
a.
requiring deeper thought about the new information
c.
creating an echoic memory
b.
using a mnemonic device
d.
creating an iconic memory
 

 39. 

Richie is going to the store to buy the following items: eggs, milk, bread,
apples, and flour. He tries to remember the shopping list by repeating it
over and over. Richie is using __________ rehearsal.
a.
elaborative
c.
maintenance
b.
semantic
d.
episodic
 

 40. 

Studying for a test in the same room in which it will be held may result in a better
grade because of __________.
a.
context-dependent memory
c.
state-dependent memory
b.
eidetic memory
d.
iconic memory
 

 41. 

Which of the following does NOT result in forgetting?
a.
interference
c.
repression
b.
decay
d.
confabulation
 

 42. 

Flashbulb memories are so vivid because they __________.
a.
recall events with special meanings
c.
involve learning skills that are never forgotten
b.
are not recalled very often
d.
do all of the above
 

 43. 

The first stage of memory is __________.
a.
long-term memory
c.
short-term memory
b.
sensory memory
d.
context-dependent memory
 

 44. 

HOMES, an acronym for the five Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior), is an example of
a.
eidetic memory.
c.
a mnemonic device.
b.
maintenance rehearsal.
d.
semantic memory.
 

 45. 

Psychologist George Miller discovered that short-term memory is limited to about
a.
one hour.
c.
10 words.
b.
14 numbers.
d.
seven items.
 

 46. 

A visual code helps a person remember a fact by __________.
a.
creating a mental picture
c.
representing the fact by its meaning
b.
storing the fact as a sequence of sounds
d.
pairing it with another fact
 

 47. 

The three types of memory are
a.
iconic, sensory, and long-term.
c.
iconic, eidetic, and sensory.
b.
short-term, long-term, and iconic.
d.
sensory, short-term, and long-term.
 

 48. 

The three basic processes of memory are __________.
a.
encoding, storage, and maintenance
c.
recognition, storage, and retrieval
b.
encoding, storage, and forgetting
d.
encoding, storage, and retrieval
 

 49. 

Most people forget things because of the normal processes of __________.
a.
maintenance and elaborative rehearsals
c.
interference and decay
b.
chunking and schema
d.
repression and amnesia
 

 50. 

We can more easily remember bits of information by organizing them into mental
representations of the world called __________.
a.
icons
c.
schemas
b.
echoes
d.
mnemonic devices
 



 
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