Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion

Name:

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Drive-reduction theory applies to

a.	complex emotions.	c.	most psychological needs.
b.	many biological drives.	d.	all of the above.

Which of the following statements about the polygraph test is TRUE?

a.	The polygraph is accurate in detecting truth or lies in about 90% of cases.	c.	A person can be taught how to “beat” a polygraph test.
b.	The polygraph can detect subtle physiological differences between arousal due to anxiety versus excitement.	d.	An innocent person has nothing to fear from a polygraph test.

_____ is one of the MOST important external factors related to when, what, where, and
why we eat.

a.	Cultural conditioning	c.	Sound
b.	Advertising	d.	all of these options are equally important

Children who set learning goals for themselves have parents who

a.	encourage them to be persistent.	c.	inspire them to enjoy schoolwork.
b.	let them find their own ways to solve problems.	d.	do all of the above.

Instincts are also known as

a.	motives.	c.	needs.
b.	emotions.	d.	fixed-action patterns.

The "start-eating" and "stop-eating" centers are located in the

a.	thyroid gland.	c.	hypothalamus.
b.	hippocampus.	d.	pituitary gland.

The tendency of organisms to return to or maintain a normal state is called

a.	innate behavior.	c.	homeostasis.
b.	expectancy value.	d.	motivation.

Oriana is a prisoner of war deprived of water for three days. Drive-reduction theory
suggests that her internal need for water will _____ her to cooperate with her captors.

a.	push	c.	pull
b.	force	d.	neither pull nor push

The “hierarchy of needs” was developed by

a.	David McClelland.	c.	J.W. Atkinson.
b.	Matina Horner.	d.	Abraham Maslow.

10.

Pleasure obtained from stimulation is overlooked by which theory?

a.	social learning theory	c.	drive-reduction theory
b.	cognitive theory	d.	actualization theory

11.

Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____.

a.	emotions	c.	feelings
b.	responses	d.	motives

12.

The need for self-actualization is part of the theory proposed by

a.	Abraham Maslow.	c.	Karl G. Lange.
b.	Clark Hull.	d.	William James.

13.

Someone who has a desire to excel, especially in competition with others _____.

a.	has a personality disorder	c.	has a high achievement motivation
b.	has a high need for arousal	d.	is a success seeker

14.

Intrinsic motivation comes from _____.

a.	a fear of punishment	c.	personal enjoyment
b.	a desire for rewards	d.	all of these options

15.

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed or lesioned, animals will _____.

a.	experience an increase in insulin	c.	become picky about what they eat
b.	overeat to the point of extreme obesity	d.	all of these options

16.

People usually eat more when

a.	the thyroid gland is activated.	c.	the underside of the hypothalamus is stimulated.
b.	alone.	d.	around other people.

17.

The biological need for food gives rise to the

a.	hunger motive.	c.	thirst drive.
b.	hunger drive.	d.	thirst motive.

18.

When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, animals will _____.

a.	stop eating, and must be force-fed	c.	become picky eaters
b.	overeat to obesity	d.	any of these options

19.

Which of the following is a self-actualization need?

a.	feeling safe and secure	c.	having food and shelter
b.	fulfilling one's own potential	d.	being accepted and belonging

20.

In studies where subjects were asked to lie, those who were paid the least __________.

a.	believed their own lie	c.	became perpetual liars
b.	refused to lie	d.	were very willing to lie

21.

Charles Darwin argued that people from different cultures express certain basic feelings

a.	in the same ways.	c.	in different ways depending upon their gender.
b.	in the same ways except for different facial expressions.	d.	in different ways.

22.

In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the
_____ also contract.

a.	mouth	c.	eyes
b.	nose	d.	ears

23.

Psychologist William James believed that human behavior is motivated by

a.	homeostasis.	c.	instinct.
b.	self-actualization.	d.	all of the above.

24.

A behavior pattern that is unlearned, always expressed in the same way, and universal
within a species is called _____.

a.	impossible	c.	routine
b.	a reflex	d.	an instinct

25.

The frontal cortex plays a major role in our emotions because it _____.

a.	monitors and controls them	c.	stimulates the autonomic nervous system
b.	visualizes dangers and possible responses to them	d.	relays information from all the senses to assist in processing what is important

26.

Abraham Maslow pioneered the study of

a.	forensic psychology.	c.	behavioral psychology.
b.	developmental psychology.	d.	humanistic psychology.

27.

Emotion is BEST defined as _____.

a.	affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli	c.	affective feelings
b.	physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals	d.	a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions

28.

The hunger drive can be satisfied

a.	by stimulation of the pituitary gland.	c.	only if certain psychological needs are met as well.
b.	only by digesting food.	d.	by the sensations of chewing and swallowing.

29.

Electrical stimulation of parts of the _____ can produce a “sham rage” in cats.

a.	cerebellum	c.	limbic system
b.	motor cortex	d.	frontal lobe

30.

_____ involves extreme weight loss due to an obsessive fear of obesity and self-
imposed starvation.

a.	The Pritikin diet	c.	Agoraphobia
b.	Anorexia nervosa	d.	Bulimia nervosa

31.

Sensation seekers are people who

a.	have been subjected to long periods of sensory deprivation.	c.	are more likely to abuse narcotics.
b.	are at their best when doing something active or adventurous.	d.	become obese because of the need for oral gratification.

32.

In Harry Harlow's study, the baby monkeys preferred

a.	the cloth mother.	c.	all mothers equally.
b.	the wire mother.	d.	the mother that fed them.

33.

Motivation is BEST defined as _____.

a.	the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal	c.	the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a goal
b.	the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same direction toward a goal	d.	what makes you do what you do

34.

The _____ hypothalamus signals an animal to start eating, while the _____
hypothalamus signals the animal to stop eating.

a.	lateral; ventromedial	c.	medial; ventro
b.	ventromedial; lateral	d.	ventro; medial

35.

Extrinsic motivation is based on _____.

a.	the desire for rewards or threats of punishment	c.	the achievement motive
b.	the arousal motive	d.	all of these options

36.

Assume that you want to perform well on this test, but you feel anxious about your
ability to do so. In this case, your desire to perform well is related to your _____ state,
while your anxiety is related to your _____ state.

a.	conscious; unconscious	c.	emotional; motivational
b.	unconscious; conscious	d.	motivational; emotional

37.

Abraham Maslow refers to biological drives, including the need for physical safety and security as ____ needs.

a.	psychological	c.	homeostatic
b.	self-actualization	d.	fundamental

38.

According to _____ theory, basic survival and security needs must be satisfied before
one can move on to such higher needs as self-actualization.

a.	Maslow's	c.	instinct
b.	evolutionary	d.	Wiener's

39.

Currently, the safest method of weight loss is _____.

a.	joining a Weight Watchers or other diet support group	c.	eating a high protein diet and drinking lots of fluids
b.	taking dietary supplements under the direction of a medical doctor	d.	changing the amount and types of foods eaten, and exercising regularly

40.

Children who set performance goals are usually

a.	rewarded by parents for good grades.	c.	encouraged to be persistent by their parents.
b.	ignored by their parents.	d.	encouraged to solve problems on their own.

41.

Gaston and Page got married on a high bridge and started their honeymoon with a
bungee-jump from the bridge. Which type of motive BEST explains their behavior?

a.	the need for self-actualization	c.	the arousal motive
b.	the androgynous motive	d.	the achievement motive

42.

The Cannon-Bard theory proposed that

a.	the body reacts first, triggering emotions.	c.	bodily reactions and thinking work together to trigger emotions.
b.	emotions trigger a reaction in the body.	d.	the brain arouses the body and triggers emotions simultaneously.

43.

Dr. Jones is a psychologist who explains motivation in terms of underlying physiological states. To which theory does Dr. Jones subscribe?

a.	actualization theory	c.	drive-reduction theory
b.	instinct theory	d.	social learning theory

44.

Perhaps the most shocking realization about cognitive dissonance theory is that once dissonance is removed, __________.

a.	people will do what ever they are told because they are under hypnosis	c.	people will do what ever they are told, and completely believe that what they are doing is the right thing to do
b.	people will not do what they are told under any circumstance	d.	people will do what ever they are told, but understand that they are acting against their own will

45.

_____ involves consuming large quantities of food followed by self-induced vomiting,
the use of laxatives, or extreme exercise.

a.	Pritikin dieting	c.	Anorexia nervosa
b.	Bulimia nervosa	d.	The binge-purge syndrome

46.

In Maslow's hierarchy, the need to receive and give love is a(n) ____ need.

a.	psychological	c.	extrinsic
b.	fundamental	d.	intrinsic

47.

People experience hunger as a result of

a.	the activity of the hypothalamus.	c.	low sugar levels in the blood.
b.	pressure or anxiety.	d.	all of the above.

48.

_____ is the body's tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes.

a.	Homeostasis	c.	Drive-induction
b.	Heterogeneity	d.	Biostability

49.

____ theory states that biological needs drive an organism to act in certain ways until its needs are satisfied.

a.	Cognitive	c.	Drive-reduction
b.	Signal detection	d.	The James-Lange

50.

Incentive theory stresses the role of ____ in motivating behavior.

a.	expectancy-value	c.	needs
b.	emotional intelligence	d.	the environment